![]() ![]() ![]() Shaffer D, Bautista C, Sateren W, et al.: The protective effect of circumcision on HIV incidence in rural low-risk men circumcised predominantly by traditional circumcisers in Kenya: two-year follow-up of the Kericho Cohort Study. Reynolds SJ, Shepherd ME, Risbud AR, et al.: Male circumcision and risk of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections in India. Kumwenda NI, Taha TE, Hoover DR, et al.: HIV-1 incidence among male workers at a sugar estate in rural Malawi. MacDonald KS, Malonza I, Chen DK, et al.: Vitamin A and risk of HIV-1 seroconversion among Kenyan men with genital ulcers. Lavreys L, Rakwar JP, Thompson ML, et al.: Effect of circumcision on incidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other sexually transmitted diseases: a prospective cohort study of trucking company employees in Kenya. Quigley M, Munguti K, Grosskurth H, et al.: Sexual behaviour patterns and other risk factors for HIV infection in rural Tanzania: a case-control study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996, 11:183–187. Sassan-Morokro M, Greenberg AE, Coulibaly IM, et al.: High rates of sexual contact with female sex workers, sexually transmitted diseases, and condom neglect among HIV-infected and uninfected men with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. ![]() Telzak EE, Chiasson MA, Bevier PJ, et al.: HIV-1 seroconversion in patients with and without genital ulcer disease. AIDS Behav 2008, 12:835–841.Ĭameron DW, Simonsen JN, D’Costa LJ, et al.: Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet 2007, 369:657–666.īyakika-Tusiime J: Circumcision and HIV infection: assessment of causality. Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, et al.: Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial. PLoS Med 2005, 11:1112–1122.īailey RC, Moses S, Parker CB, et al.: Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomized controlled trial. Bioessays 2007, 29:1147–1158.Īuvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, et al.: Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 trial. Morris BJ: Why circumcision is a biomedical imperative for the 21(st) century. Quinn TC: Circumcision and HIV transmission. Moses S, Plummer FA, Bradley JE, et al.: The association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: a review of the epidemiological data. Screening and treatment for STIs and HIV.Kalichman SC: Time to take stock in HIV/AIDS prevention. Medical circumcision services, he receives a package of services including Finally, when a man accesses voluntary male The analysis only took into account theĬircumcision status of the woman’s most recent partner, whereas she has Such a circumcision would provide much less protection In fact he had had a ‘traditional’ circumcision that did not involve theĬomplete removal of the foreskin. Less likely to have herpes simplex virus type 2 (adjusted odds ratio 0.78, 95%Ĭarlos Toledo acknowledged some limitations with these cross-sectionalĭata – some of the women may have said that their partner was circumcised when Women with circumcised partners had a 30% lower likelihood of having HIV The skewing effect of the other differences between the two groups of women, In a multivariable analysis, which attempted to control for Lower rates of HIV (42%) than women whose partner was not circumcised Women whose most recent partner was circumcised also had Is predominantly Zulu and circumcision does not play an important role in ZuluĬustoms only 10% of men had had a traditional (rather than a medical) In all age groups over 35, fewer than 20% were circumcised. For example, 51% of men agedġ5 to 19 were circumcised, 45% of men aged 20 to 24 and 28% of men aged 25 to 29, while Reflecting the recent introduction of the procedure. Who had been medically circumcised were higher among the younger men, Is an extremely high prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmittedĪmong 3540 male participants in the survey, the proportions Sample of households in two sub-districts of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Surveillance System, a longitudinal cohort drawn from a representative However, in the case of HIV, it is more likely that maleĬircumcision can benefit women by reducing the prevalence of HIV in men whoĬarlos Toledo and colleagues from the Centers for DiseaseĬontrol and Prevention analysed data from the HIV Incidence Provincial Statistical technique often used to reduce the impact of confounding factors, in order to attempt to identify the real association between a factor of interest and an outcome. ![]()
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